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The forum ruins at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, with low walls and fragmentary columns, photographed in 2012.

Ancestors

Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa · Hațeg Country

Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa

A Roman city in Hațeg Country, where streets, the forum and small objects preserve traces of a world of institutions, crafts and people.

Photo: Razvan Socol · CC BY-SA 3.0 Romania · photograph from 25 August 2012, cropped and optimised for the web; does not show current access conditions

Quick facts and editorial frame

The place at a glance

Real place
The Roman city at Sarmizegetusa, distinct from Sarmizegetusa Regia[1][3]
Foundation
Early second century, under Trajan; sources give AD 108 or 108–110[2][3]
Museum address
No. 1, Sarmizegetusa, Sarmizegetusa commune, Hunedoara County[4]
Heritage records
RAN 91063.01; LMI HD-I-s-A-03205[1]
World Heritage
Component 1718-017 of Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia, inscribed in 2024[5][6]
Opening information
Tuesday–Sunday; confirm seasonal hours before travelling. Closed on Mondays.[8]

Featured legend

An Inventory of Those Who Remain

Six objects, a clerk in a hurry to leave, and the key to a workshop someone is still using.

I — An iron key

Lucius had to finish the inventory before the cart arrived. He had to count the things left in the office rooms and the storeroom across the yard, tie up the tablets and hand over the keys. That evening he was leaving with the people taking the records away.

He had set a long iron key on the table. The administrator had left it there that morning with the others. Only this one had no label tied to it.

Lucius had tried the keys to the front rooms. He had not tried this one anywhere. He had entered it at the end of the list: one key, use unknown.

The woman who came into the yard was carrying a vessel of water, her sleeves stiff with dried clay. She stopped in the doorway when she saw the iron.

‘That’s mine.’

Lucius covered the key with his hand.

‘The administrator gave it to me.’

‘I gave it to him yesterday, so he could open the storeroom while I was at the kiln.’

‘Which storeroom?’

The woman pointed to the room at the back of the yard.

‘The workshop.’

On his list, the room was marked empty. It had been locked when he went past.

‘I have to finish,’ he said.

The woman put down the vessel.

‘So do I.’

II — An oil lamp

The lamp stood on a shelf in the office. Its nozzle was blackened and a little oil remained at the bottom. Lucius had placed it beside the things to be packed, because he had worked by its light until late.

The woman wiped her palms on her apron.

‘Iulia,’ she said. ‘If you need to write down a name.’

He turned the tablet over. Iulia was looking at the lamp.

‘Are you taking that too?’

‘It was left in the office.’

‘I brought it when you ran out of oil. The day before yesterday.’

Lucius remembered that the lamp had burnt well. He had not asked who had filled it. He had searched for the right words for a letter, then forgotten to put it out.

On its underside, Iulia showed him a small dent made with her thumb before it was fired.

‘That isn’t an ownership mark,’ he said.

‘No. It slipped in my hand.’

Lucius moved the lamp away from the chest. A streak of oil remained on the wood.

He wiped it with a cloth, then gave the lamp back. In the inventory he struck through its number and wrote beside it that it had been returned.

He had still not entered the storeroom. From the street came the sound of a wheel striking the stones. He went out to the gate, but the passing cart was loaded with firewood.

III — A cup without a handle

The cup stood on the windowsill, with fresh water in it. Lucius had used it that morning and was now counting it among the vessels left behind. Iulia reached for it, but he picked it up before she could.

‘Yours as well?’

‘No. It belongs to the man who guards the gate at night.’

The man had not come for two days. He had said he was leaving to look for his daughter, and Lucius did not know whether he would return. The cup’s handle had broken off long ago; the edge had worn smooth.

‘I’ll give him another if he comes past my place,’ Iulia said.

‘How do you know he will?’

‘I don’t. That’s why I leave it here.’

Lucius drank the remaining water and set the cup back on the sill. It was the only thing he had of the gatekeeper, apart from a name on a list of payments.

He went back to the table and added the name beside the cup. Then he scraped the word ‘abandoned’ from the column heading. For now he left the space blank.

Iulia lifted the water vessel and filled the cup again.

IV — A bone tool

In the chest beneath the table, Lucius had found a piece of smoothed bone with one narrow end. He had turned it over in his hands before entering it among the things of no known use.

Iulia asked for it. He gave it to her, but kept hold of the tablet.

The woman took a small lump of clay from her pocket, dampened it and pressed an edge with her fingers. She drew the bone across it. The edge was left smooth.

‘I’ve been looking for this since yesterday.’

‘How did it get into the office?’

‘I left it beside the lamp. I’d come to ask about the rent.’

Then Lucius remembered what the administrator had said: the woman with the workshop had some payments to settle. He had not said the room was empty. Lucius had found the door locked and filled in the space beside it himself.

‘Are you still working here?’

Iulia looked at the clay on the table.

‘I have pots in the kiln.’

‘I know. But after we leave?’

‘I have more pots to make.’

Lucius walked to the door at the back of the yard. There was old dust beside the frame, and wet clay at the threshold. He lifted his sandal to avoid treading on it.

V — A coin

Iulia had a coin knotted into a corner of her apron. She struggled to undo the knot; the clay had dried on the cloth as well.

‘For the room,’ she said, putting it on the table.

Lucius did not take it. The money remaining in the office had to go into the travelling chest too, and the administrator kept its accounts. He did not want an extra sum he could not explain.

‘I don’t collect the payments.’

‘Then give me the key, and I’ll pay when someone tells me who to pay.’

‘I was told to hand over all the keys.’

‘Were you told to write that it’s empty too?’

Lucius lowered his eyes to his list. Iulia said nothing more. She pushed the coin to the edge of the table and began picking dried clay from the folds of her apron.

The administrator came in shortly afterwards, carrying a cloth bundle under his arm.

‘Much left to do?’

Lucius showed him the entry for the room.

‘I marked it empty. I didn’t go inside.’

The man looked towards Iulia.

‘We were going to settle the payment before I left.’

The woman picked up the coin. The administrator took it, counted something on his fingers and asked Lucius for a clean tablet.

Lucius pulled the key from beneath the list he had laid over it.

VI — An inventory

When the cart stopped, only the cloth, the water vessel and the tablets remained to be gathered up in the office. The administrator had gone out to speak to the man driving the horses. Iulia stayed in the doorway, the lamp in one hand and the bone tool in the other.

Lucius reread the list. The lamp had Iulia’s name beside it. The cup had the gatekeeper’s. The tool no longer appeared among the things to be taken away.

Beside the workshop, the scraped space was too small. Lucius turned the tablet over and began on the other side: room occupied, used by Iulia, potter.

He took it outside to the administrator. The man read the line, then told him to add that payment had been received. He too looked towards the workshop, as though only then noticing the vessels set beside the wall to dry.

Lucius tied the tablet to the others. It did not fit neatly into the packet; he undid the cord and passed it round again, leaving the knot to one side.

‘The key,’ the administrator said.

Lucius picked it up from the table. The iron had warmed in the light coming through the doorway.

‘It belongs to the room across the yard.’

The administrator gestured towards the woman and bent down for his cloth bundle.

Iulia put the lamp and the bone tool on the threshold to free her hand. Lucius gave her the key. She walked past the cart, nudged a potsherd away from the doorframe with her foot and fitted the iron into the lock.

She had to lift the door a little. Then the key turned, and Iulia opened the workshop.

The real place

What is true here

Ulpia is a Roman colonial city, distinct from the Dacian fortress of Sarmizegetusa Regia. Its street plan, public spaces, temples and the objects in the museum collection show how people lived and organised themselves here. The ancient ruins, modern interventions and current visiting conditions have different histories.

01

History

Source-based estimate

A new colony after the conquest

The Roman city was founded under Trajan in the early second century. Institutional accounts give AD 108 or the range 108–110. The settlement in Hațeg Country is distinct from the Dacian royal residence of Sarmizegetusa Regia.

[2][3]

02

Science

Source-based estimate

A city organised into streets and blocks

Streets meeting at right angles divided the city into built blocks. After an expansion westwards, the enclosure reached approximately 540 × 600 metres, or 32.4 hectares. This is the walled area, rather than the settlement's entire extent.

[1]

03

Unexpected fact

Well documented

Public fountains at the forum entrance

The Trajanic forum occupied the colony's civic centre. Its monumental entrance, with four portals, marked the meeting of the main streets; fountains dedicated to the nymphs stood on either side. The public square therefore also had water infrastructure.

[1]

04

Culture

Well documented

Palmyrene gods in a city of Dacia

Excavations identified a temple of the Palmyrene gods built under Septimius Severus within an existing urban block. Its presence documents a cult with eastern connections; it does not prove that the whole city spoke Aramaic or followed the same faith.

[3]

05

Science

Well documented

The amphitheatre is still being investigated

Preventive investigations and archaeological monitoring in 2022–2024 accompanied the conservation and presentation project completed in 2025. The ancient ruin and modern interventions should be read separately. Completion of a project does not by itself establish access conditions on the day of a visit.

[7]

06

Culture

Well documented

Everyday life in small objects

The museum collection includes objects made of bone, pottery and glass, coins and bronze pieces, alongside sculpture and inscriptions. These categories complement the public buildings with material traces of everyday life. The collection list does not guarantee that every object is on display.

[4]

07

Unexpected fact

Well documented

The museum was once an inn

The museum building dates from the early twentieth century and was originally an inn. The building that houses the Roman objects therefore belongs to a different period from the city they came from.

[4]

08

History

Well documented

Ulpia has its own UNESCO component

Ulpia is component 1718-017 of the serial property ‘Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia’, inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2024. Recognition concerns the defined component of this property; it should not be confused with the separate status of the Dacian fortresses.

[5][6]

At a glance

Reference facts

Reference points for reading the site

City enclosure
Approximately 540 × 600 m after westward expansion; not the entire site[1]
2026 Admission
Base admission: 30 lei adults; 10 lei pupils, students and pensioners. Online: 33/11 lei, including processing. Confirm which areas the ticket covers.[9][10]
Museum building
A former inn from the early twentieth century[4]

Visiting guide

Practical notes

Accessibility
Ticketed visit; confirm the entrance and accessible areasThe museum is registered at no. 1, Sarmizegetusa. The site comprises several areas; the current entrance, parking and a step-free route have not been verified. The museum address and the UNESCO component coordinates are not a parking pin.
Time & Season
Variable, depending on open areas and a museum visit; no official duration confirmed · During confirmed opening hours, in weather suitable for an outdoor visitIdeal time: Within the seasonal hours confirmed by the museum; closed on Mondays
01

Getting there

Use the museum address, no. 1, Sarmizegetusa, to identify the locality and ask the museum for current arrival guidance. Ulpia and Sarmizegetusa Regia are separate visits. România Atractivă mentions nearby or on-site parking, but provides no parking point verified for this page. No directions are supplied to unprepared plots or excavations.

02

When to go

When checked on 30 October 2026, the MCDR notice effective from 1 August gave Tuesday–Sunday 10:00–18:00, closed on Mondays; its seasonal table gave winter hours of 09:00–17:00 without a changeover date. Confirm the applicable hours. Telephone booking is requested for guided visits, rather than stated as a requirement for every individual visit.

03

Is it suitable for children?

Yes, with supervision and explanations of the difference between ruins and reconstruction. Do not let children climb on walls or enter research areas. Confirm the permitted route, pushchair access and toilet availability before visiting.

04

Keep in mind

The official 2026 list gives base fees of 30 lei for adults and 10 lei for pupils, students and pensioners. The ticket platform linked by MCDR lists 33/11 lei, including online processing. Confirm whether the ticket covers both the museum and outdoor complex. For opening hours, check MCDR's dated notice: the platform repeats older hours. Respect barriers and museum rules on photography.

05

Facilities and works

The România Atractivă profile lists toilets on site or nearby and card or cash payment. Current availability, step-free access and the assistance-animal policy are not confirmed. Published entrance and museum-space projects do not establish that works are complete or every area is open.

Before you go

Safety is part of the journey.

Use only areas open to the public. Do not climb on walls or take stones or fragments. Confirm the entrance, parking, accessibility and opening hours before travelling.

Practical information checked 30 October 2026

  • On the day of your visit, check opening information, closures, and rules in the official resources.
  • Use only areas open to visitors and respect barriers, signs, and instructions from staff or the community responsible for the place.
  • Take care on steps and uneven or slippery surfaces, and supervise children.
  • Keep your phone charged and adapt the visit to the weather and the conditions you find on arrival.

Official resources and updates

In an emergency, call 112 and describe the location and situation as clearly as possible.

Field detail

A column is not a whole building

The 2012 forum photograph shows fragmentary columns and low walls. From areas open to visitors, compare what the material preserves with what interpretation reconstructs. Do not use the photograph as evidence of the current visitor route.

Location

Where it is

The pin shows the attraction location for orientation. It is not automatically a car park, trailhead, or proof of vehicle access.

Documentation

References

Numbers in the text point to the list below. Titles open the external source used for verification.

  1. [1]Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa — Institutul Național al Patrimoniului, Repertoriul Arheologic Național
  2. [2]Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa — Institutul Național al Patrimoniului, CIMEC
  3. [3]Colonia Ulpia Traiana Augusta Dacica Sarmizegetusa – templul zeilor palmireni — Muzeul Național de Istorie a României
  4. [4]Complexul de monumente „in situ” Sarmizegetusa şi Muzeul de Arheologie Sarmizegetusa — INP, Ghidul Muzeelor
  5. [5]Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia — UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  6. [6]Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia — Geographical data — UNESCO World Heritage Centre
  7. [7]The Amphitheatre of Sarmizegetusa (2021–2024) — Ovidiu Țentea, Florian Matei-Popescu, Marius Streinu, Mihai Duca; Cercetări Arheologice 32.2, 2025, pp. 533–550The cited statement concerns the article's published abstract, rather than detailed construction phases.
  8. [8]Muzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane — Muzeul Civilizației Dacice și Romane Deva
  9. [9]Taxe și tarife pentru anul fiscal 2026, conform Hotărârii nr. 310/2025 a Consiliului Județean Hunedoara — Muzeul Civilizației Dacice și Romane Deva
  10. [10]Muzeul si Situl Arheologic Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa | BookTes — BookTes — platforma de bilete indicată de MCDRThe platform linked from MCDR's online-ticket directory lists 33/11 lei, including online processing fees. Its older opening hours do not supersede the operator's dated notice. It does not confirm the entrance, parking or areas covered by the ticket.
  11. [11]Colonia Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa — România Atractivă, MIPE programme
  12. [12]Plan urbanistic zonal pentru zona construită protejată Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa — Memoriu general — Consiliul Județean Hunedoara